Basic Grammer
The important points required to learn English are
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary is the words that a person knows.
All the words in a language.
Phrase:
A group of words which makes sense is a Phrase.
E.g.: In a corner. (it makes sense but not complete sense)
He is sitting in a corner.
Parts Of Speech:
Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction,
Interjection.
A. Noun:
A Noun is used as a name of person place or thing.
Eg: Akbar was a great king.
Common Nouns:
A common noun is defined as ‘a noun that is the name of a group of similar things, such as “table” or “book”, and not of a single person, place, or thing’. Eg: Girl, Boy
Proper Nouns:
‘a word or group of words that is the name of a particular person, place, or thing and that usually begins with a capital letter’. It is also called a ‘proper name’ as it is used to name particular people, places and things. Eg: Bengaluru, Suresh
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns can be used adjectivally – meaning before a noun. However, the pronoun does not necessarily have to appear directly before it, which means one or more adjectives or sometimes adverbs or other words may be placed between the pronoun and noun. In this function, together with a noun, they are also called possessive determiners. Compare the following forms: English possessive pronoun Examples
| English possessive pronoun | Examples |
| my | my phone |
| your | your car |
| his | his computer |
| her | her handbag |
| its | its colour |
| our | our house |
| your | your friend |
| their | their garden |
- Example sentences that show the adjectival use (as determiner before the noun)
of possessive pronouns in various positions:
- In the below sentence the pronoun precedes the noun directly.
Eg: “Can you lend me your mobile phone?”
- Pronoun and noun enclose the adjective ‘real’ here.
Eg: “I know Jacky’s brother. He’s called ‘little eye’, but his real name is Manav.”
- Here, the numeral ‘two’ is put between pronoun and noun.
Eg: “Our two children are playing in the garden.”
- In this example, the adjective ‘old’ together with its adverb ‘very’ appears between
pronoun and noun.
Eg: “My very old email account has been closed.”
B. Adjective:
- An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.
Eg: He is a brave boy.
C. Pronoun:
- A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Eg: John is absent, because he is ill.
D. Verb:
- A Verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Eg: The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
We sang all night.
Here are different types of verbs we can use
1.Action Verbs:
Action verbs show what the subject is doing. The action can be physical or mental.
Examples: run, write, jump, read, think etc.
- She writes daily.
- The children run across the field.
2.Linking Verbs:
Linking verbs do not show action. Instead, they connect the subject to extra information in the sentence.
Common linking verbs: is, am, are, was, were, seem, become
- He is tired.
- The soup smells good.
Here, is, smells link the subject to a description or condition.
3.Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs:
Helping verbs support the main verb. They help form questions, negatives, continuous tenses and perfect tenses.
Common helping verbs include: is, am, are, have, has, do, does, did, will, can, may, should
- She is reading a book.
- We have finished our homework.
- Did you enjoy the play?
Helping verbs + main verb = complete meaning
(is reading, have finished, did enjoy)
This is why learning the kinds of auxiliary verbs is so important for forming correct sentences.
4.Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:
Another important area students often confuse is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive Verbs:
Transitive verbs need an object to complete their meaning.
- He plays football.
- She wrote a letter.
- I ate an apple.
Here, football, a letter, and an apple are objects that receive the action.
Intransitive Verbs:
Intransitive verbs do not need an object it only talks about the action done.
- He sleeps.
- The children laughed.
- They arrived early.
Adverb:
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Eg: He worked the sum quickly.
Conjunctive Adverb:
Conjunctive adverbs are words like however, therefore, moreover, and consequently that connect two independent clauses or sentences, acting as a bridge to show logical relationships like contrast, cause-and-effect, addition, or sequence. They function like conjunctions but are adverbs, often preceded by a semicolon (;) and followed by a comma (,) when joining clauses.
Common Conjunctive Adverbs by Function:
- Contrast: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, instead.
- Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, also, besides.
- Cause & Effect: consequently, therefore, as a result, thus, hence.
- Sequence/Time: next, finally, meanwhile, then, subsequently.
Examples: for example, for instance, in fact, incidentally.
How to Use Them:
1. Connecting Clauses
Use a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after it when joining two independent clauses.
Example: The app predicted rain; however, the sky remained clear.
2. Starting a Sentence:
A conjunctive adverb can also begin a new sentence, often followed by a comma, to link it to the previous one.
Example: She studied diligently. Consequently, she aced the exam.
E. Preposition:
A preposition is a word used with noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Eg.: There is a cow in the garden.
F. Conjunction:
A word used to join words or sentences.
Eg.: Rama and Hari are cousins.
G. Interjection:
A word which expresses some sudden feelings.
Eg.: Hurrah! We have won the game.
